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He was born Maurice Britt in Carlise in Lonoke County in central Arkansas, the son of Maurice Lee and Virgie Britt. His family moved from Carlisle to nearby Lonoke when he was a boy. He received the nickname “Footsie” after winning a pair of shoes at a local fair as an adolescent; he had size-thirteen feet. He graduated as the valedictorian of Lonoke High School in 1937 and entered the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville, where he was supported by an athletic scholarship in both football and basketball. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Journalism and an Army Reserve commission as a Second Lieutenant of Infantry through Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps upon graduation in 1941. He played professional football with the Detroit Lions during the 1941 season. He was a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity.
Britt entered active duty in December 1941 as a second lieutenant at Camp Joseph T. Robinson in North Little Rock. He was assigned to Company L, 3rd Battalion, 30th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division during training at Fort Lewis, Washington, Fort Ord, California, and Camp Pickett in Virginia. He received a partial deferment to entering active duty until after the 1941 football season. He initially joined the 3rd Division and participated in coastal defense on the West Coast of the United States. On October 23, 1942, the 30th Infantry and the 3rd Division embarked for North Africa.
On November 8, 1942, he was a Platoon Leader in Company L when the 3rd Infantry Division and two other U.S Army divisions landed during the invasion of French North Africa under Major General George S. Patton, Jr. who was in command of the Western Forces. Britt and his unit landed at the North African beach at Casablanca, French Morocco. The 30th Infantry came on shore and quickly secured the left flank of the 3rd Division and silenced Fort Blondin in the process which had been firing on the naval forces lying off the Moroccan coast. By November 11, the 30th Infantry and the 3rd Division had secured Casablanca.
In January 1943, the 3rd Battalion, 30th Infantry was assigned to personal guard duty for Sir Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Casablanca Conference. At the end of the North African Campaign, the 3rd Division began training in Bizerte, Tunisia for the invasion amphibious landing of Sicily on July 10, 1943. Britt continued to serve as a Platoon Leader during the invasion. The 3rd Battalion, 30th Infantry executed one of the longest foot marches in modern military history, from near Gela northward to Palermo. The 3rd Battalion marched 54 miles in only 33 hours. Palermo was captured on July 22. Britt led his men through the combat and extensive marching from Palermo to Messina in Sicily.
On September 19, 1943, Britt participated in the amphibious landings in Salerno, Italy during the invasion of Italy (Operation Avalanche). This was his third amphibious assault landing of the war. He took command of Company L after his company commander was wounded and evacuated. On September 22, he led an assault on Acerno, Italy which was 10 miles from Salerno, and destroyed an enemy machine gun position. The 30th Infantry captured Acerno and he received a Silver Star for gallantry in action and his first of four Purple Hearts.
By early October 1943, the whole of southern Italy was in Allied hands, and the Allied armies faced the Volturno Line, the first of a series of prepared defensive lines running across Italy from which the Germans chose to fight delaying actions, giving ground slowly and buying time to complete their preparation of the Winter Line, their strongest defensive line south of Rome. Britt led his men in the river crossing on the Volturno River. For his actions at Pietravairano on October 29, Britt received the Bronze Star Medal with "V" device. For his actions above and beyond the call of duty on the assault of Monte Retundo on November 10, north of Mignano, in central Italy, he received the Medal of Honor, British Military Cross, Italian Military Medal for Valor, and a battlefield promotion to captain.
He was part of the initial invasion at Anzio on January 22, 1944 (Operation Shingle). On January 23, in one instance at the Pontine Marshes, he did calisthenics in order to get a hidden German machine gun position to expose itself so it could be destroyed. Thereafter American units in the area referred to the intersection there as "Britt's Junction.” His actions on January 22 and 23 (lost part of his right arm) at the Anzio beachhead near Latina earned him the Distinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism.
In February 1944, he was evacuated to the United States for medical treatment at Lawson General Hospital in Atlanta. While recuperating from his wounds, he participated in a War Bond tour. He received an honorable discharge on December 27, 1944.
Maurice Britt became the first recipient of the top four combat decorations for valor awarded to an infantryman by the U.S. Army during World War II.
After the war, he briefly attended the University of Arkansas School of Law in Fayetteville but left the institution to enter business. He spent twenty years working at a furniture manufacturing company and then running the Beautyguard Manufacturing Company, a producer of aluminum building products.
In 1966, he was elected Lieutenant Governor, when the incumbent Democrat, Nathan Green Gordon, did not seek reelection. He was re-elected in 1968 but did not seek a third term in 1970, having deferred to his friend and Little Rock neighbor, Sterling R. Cockrill, a Democrat-turned-Republican, who ran unsuccessfully on Winthrop Rockefeller's losing Republican ticket that year. Britt barely defeated the Democratic nominees, James H. Pilkington of Hope in 1966 and Bill Wells in 1968. He was a lifelong Arkansas Republican, having been active in his state's Young Republicans in college. Neal Sox Johnson, the first paid executive director of the Arkansas GOP, said that he believed Rockefeller should have stepped down in 1970, and Britt should have been the gubernatorial nominee. Rockefeller was unseated that year by the Democrat Dale Bumpers. As Rockefeller and Britt left office, two legislative Republicans remained behind, State Senator Jim Caldwell and Representative Preston Bynum, both of Benton County in far northwestern Arkansas.
After leaving office, Britt was appointed by the Richard Nixon administration as district director of the Small Business Administration. He served in that capacity from 1971 to 1985.
Britt died on November 26, 1995, of heart failure in the John L. McClellan Memorial Veterans Hospital in Little Rock. Burial was in Little Rock National Cemetery.
He was one of two Lieutenant Governors in state history to lie in state in the State Capitol Rotunda, the other being Winthrop Paul Rockefeller, the son of Governor Winthrop Rockefeller. The coffin was open, and Britt's military coat hung from the back of his favorite rocking chair, which was placed next to the body. His medals and a military cap were placed on a nearby table. An Army Sergeant stood at the head of the casket throughout the six hours that Britt lay in state.
Britt had three daughters, Andrea Schafer and Nancy McDurmont, both of Lonoke, and Patricia Anne Britt of Falls Church, Virginia; two sons, Maurice Lee Britt, III and his wife, Dee Britt, of Royal, Arkansas, and Timothy Watson Britt of Little Rock; one brother, B. A. Britt of Carlisle; twelve grandchildren, and one great-grandchild. Britt's wife died shortly before his own death. He was also a cousin of internationally known actress Dorothy Lamour.
As tensions with Japan rose in the late 1930s, the U.S. Navy began efforts to fortify the island. Work on an airfield and defensive positions began in January 1941. The following month, as part of Executive Order 8682, the Wake Island Naval Defensive Sea Area was created which limited maritime traffic around the island to U.S. military vessels and those approved by the Secretary of the Navy. An accompanying Wake Island Naval Airspace Reservation was also established over the atoll. Additionally, six 5-guns, which had previously been mounted on USS Texas (BB-35), and twelve three anti-aircraft guns were shipped to Wake Island to bolster the atoll's defenses.
The Marines Prepare
While work progressed, the 400 men of the 1st Marine Defense Battalion arrived on August 19, led by Major James P.S. Devereux. On November 28, Commander Winfield S. Cunningham, a naval aviator, arrived to assume overall command of the island's garrison. These forces joined the 1,221 workers from the Morrison-Knudsen Corporation which were completing the island's facilities and the Pan American staff which included 45 Chamorros (Micronesians from Guam).
By early December the airfield was operational, though not complete. The island's radar equipment remained at Pearl Harbor and protective revetments had not been built to protect aircraft from aerial attack. Though the guns had been emplaced, only one director was available for the anti-aircraft batteries. On December 4, twelve F4F Wildcats from VMF-211 arrived on the island after being carried west by USS Enterprise (CV-6). Commanded by Major Paul A. Putnam, the squadron was only on Wake Island for four days before the war began.
The Japanese Attack Begins
Due to the island's strategic location, the Japanese made provisions to attack and seize Wake as part of their opening moves against the United States. On December 8th, as Japanese aircraft were attacking Pearl Harbor (Wake Island is on the other side of the International Date Line), 36 Mitsubishi G3M medium bombers departed the Marshall Islands for Wake Island. Alerted to the Pearl Harbor attack at 6:50 AM and lacking radar, Cunningham ordered four Wildcats to begin patrolling the skies around the island. Flying in poor visibility, the pilots failed to spot the inbound Japanese bombers.
Striking the island, the Japanese managed to destroy eight of VMF-211's Wildcats on the ground as well as inflicted damage on the airfield and Pam Am facilities. Among the casualties were 23 killed and 11 wounded from VMF-211 including many of the squadron's mechanics. After the raid, the non-Chamorro Pan American employees were evacuated from Wake Island aboard the Martin 130 Philippine Clipper which had survived the attack.
A Stiff Defense
Retiring with no losses, the Japanese aircraft returned the next day. This raid targeted Wake Island's infrastructure and resulted in the destruction of the hospital and Pan American's aviation facilities. Attacking the bombers, VMF-211's four remaining fighters succeeded in downing two Japanese planes. As the air battle raged, Rear Admiral Sadamichi Kajioka departed Roi in the Marshall Islands with a small invasion fleet on December 9. On the 10th, Japanese planes attacked targets in Wilkes and detonated a supply of dynamite which destroyed the ammunition for the island's guns.
Arriving off Wake Island on December 11th, Kajioka ordered his ships forward to land 450 Special Naval Landing Force troops. Under the guidance of Devereux, Marine gunners held their fire until the Japanese were within range of Wake's 5" coastal defense guns. Opening fire, his gunners succeeded in sinking the destroyer Hayate and badly damaging Kajioka's flagship, the light cruiser Yubari. Under heavy fire, Kajioka elected to withdraw out of range. Counterattacking, VMF-211's four remaining aircraft succeeded in sinking the destroyer Kisaragi when a bomb landed in the ship's depth charge racks.
Captain Henry T. Elrod posthumously received the Medal of Honor for his part in the vessel's destruction.
Calls for Help
While the Japanese regrouped, Cunningham and Devereux called for aid from Hawaii. Stymied in his attempts to take the island, Kajioka remained nearby and directed additional air raids against the defenses. In addition, he was reinforced by additional ships, including the carriers Soryu and Hiryu which were diverted south from the retiring Pearl Harbor attack force. While Kajioka planned his next move, Vice Admiral William S. Pye, the Acting Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, directed Rear Admirals, Frank J. Fletcher and Wilson Brown, to take a relief force to Wake.
Centered on the carrier USS Saratoga (CV-3) Fletcher's force carried additional troops and aircraft for the beleaguered garrison. Moving slowly, the relief force was recalled by Pye on December 22 after he learned that two Japanese carriers were operating in the area. That same day, VMF-211 lost two aircraft. On December 23, with the carrier providing air cover, Kajioka again moved forward. Following a preliminary bombardment, the Japanese landed on the island. Though Patrol Boat No. 32 and Patrol Boat No. 33 were lost in the fighting, by dawn over 1,000 men had come ashore.
Final Hours
Pushed out of the southern arm of the island, American forces mounted a tenacious defense despite being outnumbered two-to-one. Fighting through the morning, Cunningham and Devereux were forced to surrender the island that afternoon. During their fifteen-day defense, the garrison at Wake Island sank four Japanese warships and severely damaged a fifth. In addition, as many as 21 Japanese aircraft were downed along with a total of around 820 killed and approximately 300 wounded. American losses numbered 12 aircraft, 119 killed, and 50 wounded.
Aftermath
Of those who surrendered, 368 were Marines, 60 US Navy, 5 US Army, and 1,104 civilian contractors. As the Japanese occupied Wake, the majority of prisoners were transported from the island, though 98 were kept as forced laborers.
While American forces never attempted to re-capture the island during the war, a submarine blockade was imposed which starved the defenders. On October 5, 1943, aircraft from USS Yorktown (CV-10) struck the island. Fearing an imminent invasion, the garrison commander, Rear Admiral Shigematsu Sakaibara, ordered the execution of the remaining prisoners.
This was carried out on the northern end of the island on October 7th, though one prisoner escaped and carved 98 US PW 5-10-43 on a large rock near the killed POWs' mass grave. This prisoner was subsequently re-captured and personally executed by Sakaibara. The island was re-occupied by American forces on September 4, 1945, shortly after the war's end. Sakaibara was later convicted of war crimes for his actions on Wake Island and hung on June 18, 1947.
The wonder dog - named, oddly enough, Satan - was assigned the dangerous task of delivering the message from French commanders that contained the words that would bring vital relief to the besieged soldiers under heavy attack by the Germans.
The life-saving message read: " For God's sake hold on. We will relieve you tomorrow."
With the gas mask in place, two baskets containing carrier pigeons on his back, and a brass tube attached to his collar with the communication securely stored inside, Satan dashed determinedly towards the desperate men.
Employing the skills he had been trained to use, Satan zigzagged his way through a hail of bullets fired by German soldiers, whose single-minded aim was to bring him down before he could complete his mission. Despite his best efforts Satan was struck twice in his legs; the second bullet's impact broke his right foreleg, causing him to fall heavily to the ground. The French soldiers, who were following Satan's plight and mentally willing him on, peered helplessly from their trenches in horror at the sight of the fallen dog. Satan's master, Duvalle, was one of those soldiers. He recognized the dog as Satan, immediately understanding that this was no apparition that these weary men were seeing before them. He knew from his experience as a war dog trainer, having previously trained another messenger dog just like Satan, the importance of Satan's safe arrival.
In an act of selfless bravery, Duvalle sprang from his trench and shouted beseechingly to the dog: " Satan, have courage, my friend. For France!"
His voice was all that Satan needed; he miraculously got up and continued his run towards the men. Duvalle was not so fortunate; he was killed by sniper fire the instant that brief and rousing speech left his mouth.
Of Satan's moment of truth, war reporter Albert Payson Terhune Terhune would write: " No longer could he travel so fast or use the bullet-dodging gait his trainer had taught him, [But he] refused to die while his errand was still uncompleted and, he was too loyal to quit."
Satan eventually reached the troops and delivered the all-important message. The grateful and relieved captain wrote the coordinates for the location of the German gun battery. He wrote that he would hold on but pleaded for them to take out the guns. He made a second copy of this note, placed each one in the tubes attached to the pigeon's legs, then released the birds. The Germans were expecting the pigeons and instantly shot one down. The second bird made it back to the commanders at HQ.
Within a couple of hours, the French army had defeated the Germans, bringing the bloody, atrocious battle to an end.
The Battle of Verdun was one of many battles during World War I that used trained war dogs. Upwards of 50,000 canines bravely performed duties such as carrying messages, hauling ammunition carts, and standing guard at the top of the trenches. Sadly, we do not really know what happened to Satan. It's rumored that Satan either died as a result of his injuries just after his mission was complete or that he made a full recovery and retired from the army a war hero.
The one certainty, however, is that the dog's bravery will not be forgotten.
Committed to her cause Dr. Dang Thuy Tram wrote in her diary that if she were ever hit during combat, she would "hold my medical bag firmly, regardless." (Frederic Whitehurst Collection, The Vietnam Center and Archive, Texas Tech University)
Tram had thought of little else since Dec. 23, 1966, when she left her family in Hanoi and began the arduous, dangerous trek down the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Three months later, Tram reached Duc Pho, a district in the south-central Quang Ngai province. The people there had heavily resisted the French during the First Indochina War and were now fighting the Americans and South Vietnamese forces. Tram was assigned the job of Chief Surgeon in a Duc Pho clinic, working to save Viet Cong and NVA soldiers.
While Tram derived great satisfaction from her work, she was troubled by her thwarted attempts to be accepted into the Communist Party. Tram believed that being a party member would allow her to more effectively serve the Communist cause. To her great frustration and sorrow, Tram's educated background branded her as bourgeois - that is, middle class and materialistic - and therefore unworthy of membership in the Communist Party.
Tram's dedicated medical work and obvious devotion to the cause, however, eventually gained the respect of local Communist Party leaders. On Sept 28, 1968, she was finally accepted, writing in her diary, "My clearest feeling today is that I must struggle to deserve the title of 'communist.'"
During her service, Tram found it difficult to not befriend the young men fighting for Vietnam's unity. "I have a physician's responsibilities and should maintain some degree of objectivity," she wrote, "but I cannot keep my professional compassion for my patients from becoming affection. Something ties them to me and makes them feel very close to me."
In late March 1969, she transferred to a clinic that treated civilian and military cases. Americans considered the area a "free-fire zone," an area with supposedly no friendly civilians, so anyone remaining was considered the enemy and could be fired upon. Whenever American units approached, clinic personnel had to flee. They were never safe, and throughout the summer, the medics and their wounded were constantly on the move as the intense fighting grew closer.
On July 16 Tram witnessed a nearby airstrike: "Where each bomb strikes, fire, and smoke flare up; the napalm bomb flashes, then explodes in a red ball of fire, leaving dark, thick smoke that climbs into the sky."
During such raids, Tram worried about the people she knew and loved. "From a position nearby, I sit with silent fury in my heart," she wrote. "Who is burned in that fire and smoke? In those heaven-shaking explosions, whose bodies are annihilated in the bomb craters? Oh, my heroic people, perhaps no one on earth has suffered more than you."
From underground shelters and bunkers, Tram had heard American troops but never encountered them face-to-face. Sent on a nighttime emergency mission, she once walked through hostile territory with an armed guard. "Perhaps I will meet the enemy, and perhaps I will fall, but I hold my medical bag firmly regardless," she wrote in her diary.
On June 2, 1970, Tram's clinic took a direct hit, which killed five patients. Ten days later, American troops attacked the medics at a different location. No one was injured, but the medics had to move again.
A few days later, Tram and two Vietnamese civilians were walking on a trail with a soldier when she came face-to-face with a group of Americans. Local villagers later found her body; she had been shot in the head.
Tram's diaries fell into the hands of Fred Whitehurst, an American working with a military intelligence unit. Assigned to destroy enemy documents, Whitehurst was about to throw the diaries in a fire when his South Vietnamese interpreter, Sgt. Nguyen Trung Hieu stopped him. "Don't burn this one, Fred," he said. "It has fire in it already." Hieu read aloud the entries to Whitehurst, who was moved and kept the diaries when he left Vietnam in 1972.
In 2005, Whitehurst located Tram's family and gave them the diaries. Later that year, they were published in Hanoi as one volume, which became a best-seller. Young Vietnamese readers, who had learned about the war only from textbooks or overly formal diaries, were taken by Tram's unpretentious voice, describing a warm, intelligent and occasionally self-doubting young person caught up in the horror of war. In 2007, Tram's diary was translated into English and published under the title, "Last Night I Dreamed of Peace."
Even describing the conflict as "North vs. South" is inaccurate to a degree, as support for the war was far from unanimous on either side. On occasions when dissent within each side is discussed today, the focus is almost always on the Union's Copperheads. However, it should be remembered that there was a vigorous pro-Union movement in the South, particularly in areas where not many people owned slaves.
One major Unionist group formed in parts of North Carolina and Virginia early in the war. They engaged in sabotage, spying, betrayal, smuggling, and other activities to undermine the Confederacy. At their peak, they were so successful that Robert E. Lee himself sent troops to suppress them. They called themselves "The Heroes of America."
The origins of the Heroes of America (HOA) are shrouded in mystery. Of course, this was largely by design since they had to operate mostly underground to avoid punishments from Confederate authorities. They most likely formed from the remnants of a small armed Unionist group in North Carolina that was crushed in 1861.
However, Unionists continued to undermine the Confederate government and military whenever possible. They were especially prevalent in the more mountainous regions of western Virginia, present-day West Virginia, eastern Tennessee, and western North Carolina.
Their most common activities included encouraging Confederate soldiers to desert, smuggling escaped Union POWs and slaves to Union lines, and feeding information on Confederate troop movements and numbers to the Union. Later in the war, they even demonstrated against the Confederate government.
Movements against the Confederacy within the South took many forms. Some wanted peace at any cost, others wanted to rejoin the Union, and some wanted to accept any peace that left the South independent. Still, others wanted to form a convention, which would override the power of Jefferson Davis and the Confederate Congress, to decide the matter.
By 1863 the Unionist cause was gaining steam in the South. Some citizens had been killed for resisting the Confederate draft, farmer's crops had been impressed, and civil liberties were limited by the Confederate government.
The Unionist cause had always been strongest in Appalachian areas with low rates of slave ownership. The movement even existed in the Piedmont areas of North Carolina, which had been one of the last states to secede.
Although the majority of the population in Appalachia probably supported secession early in the war, support decreased drastically as the Confederacy suffered military losses and economic decline in 1863. This was fertile ground for the Unionists to recruit and gain real power.
The Heroes of America started off as underground as any other Unionist organization. They identified each other through a secret handshake and a red string that they placed on their houses. This was inspired by the Biblical Book of Joshua, in which Joshua told Rahab to tie a red string to her window to distinguish her as an ally. This led to a nickname: The Red Strings.
Although precise numbers are hard to come by, they likely had over 10,000 members at their peak. They soon began to gain real political influence thanks to their increasing membership and some high-profile members.
One high-profile supporter was William Holden, the editor of the North Carolina Standard in Raleigh, and a leader of the peace movement. Holden ran for governor in 1864, inspiring many rallies.
However, his opponents accused him of being a member of the HOA (he was likely sympathetic, but not a member), and used that as a justification to shut down his supporters' rallies. Ultimately, through voter intimidation, he lost in a landslide, and the HOA was politically irrelevant for the rest of the war.
Despite their political failure, the Red Strings experienced some success by other standards. It is hard to know exactly how many POWs and escaped slaves their underground railroad helped, but they did their part to help people to freedom.
It is also hard to be sure how much their intelligence helped Union forces, but the Union did invade many regions in western Virginia (and current West Virginia) where they were active, so it would have been of some value. After the war, the HOA carried on the fight by opposing the Ku Klux Klan, undoubtedly saving even more lives and advancing Reconstruction.
Holden even made a political comeback after he was appointed Governor of North Carolina by President Andrew Johnson. He was an enthusiastic supporter of Reconstruction and made numerous efforts to suppress the Ku Klux Klan. He was impeached by his political opponents but was pardoned posthumously by the North Carolina Senate in 2011.
Finally, during the war, the governor of North Carolina, and even Robert E. Lee himself had to redirect troops to deal with the potential uprising. Troops were pulled from Lee's Army of Northern Virginia to put down gatherings and mini-uprisings and to hunt for Unionists.
During Holden's run for governor, North Carolina militia was sent to break up his supporters' meetings. This despite the fact that eastern North Carolina was partially occupied by the Union for almost the entire war.
The Heroes of America were far from the main cause of the South's defeat, but they played their part. The society's members did what they could and should be remembered as a stark example of how not all Southerners were united either around slavery or the Confederacy.
Upon a wall in section H of the Canobolas Gardens Crematorium in Orange is the memorial plaque of Henry Edward Sutter.
Ted, as he was more fondly known, was from Mudgee and is believed to have been killed by an enemy mortar in Phuoc Tuy on November 15, 1969, exactly two years to the day after he joined the Australian Army. He was 26-years-old.
Ted's resting place is the last of three now 70-year-old Tony Speelman promised himself to find and visit - two upon his return home from Vietnam in March 1970 and a third one was added in 1982.
The first grave was that of rifleman Paul Leslie Smith from Mackay, who died from wounds from an enemy mine during land clearing and night ambush patrol on July 4, 1969, almost five months after he arrived in Vietnam. And who Tony found and visited in Mackay in the late 80s.
Around 1990, Tony visited the grave of John Faint from Tamworth, who was critically wounded by the same enemy mine on July 4th and was sent home only to die of his wounds 13 years later in 1982.
While Tony had many mates during his six years in the army, it was these three who helped and supported him through his recruit training in Kapooka, near Wagga from November 1967 to February 1968.
"All three of us were good mates," he said.
Tony, not being well educated, taught himself to read and write as a young teenager and joined the Army at 19.
"Ted would help me with map reading, among other things," he said.
"I looked on him as the sort of bloke who was cluey. (Wiktionary: Cluey a. savvy; street-smart; in the know).
"He always treated me with kindness and friendship, he was kind of my mentor. It was never too much trouble for him to stop and help me."
The new recruits marched into the 5th Battalion in May 1968, but all of whom Tony trained with went to C Company - except for Tony, who went to D Company.
"You usually stayed with your own Company, so I made new friends, but I missed their companionship," he said.
"I ran into Ted from time to time, he never hesitated to talk to me. He always had time for me.
"Even in Vietnam, I ran into him occasionally and he always asked me how I was.
"All three - Ted, Smithy, and John - went to C Company and as fate would have it, all three died, two in Vietnam and one 13 years later."
Tony said when John passed it became more urgent for him to fulfill his promise to visit their graves.
With the help of his family in locating Ted's final resting place through the Australian War Memorial, Tony chose Vietnam Veterans Day on August 18 this year to pay his respects.
He attended the day's commemorative service at the Orange cenotaph in Robertson Park, during which Ted's name was read over the microphone as Tony laid a wreath in his honor.
He laid a second bouquet of flowers at the foot of the wall where Ted's plaque is mounted at the Canobolas Gardens as he wore his slouch hat.
"I always wanted to find all three," Tony said.
"It was emotional as hell, but it's a reconnection and I'm happy that I've found them."
Selecting Rear Adm. Shoshana Chatfield, a helicopter pilot who now heads a military command in Guam, as the college's next leader was a "historic choice," said Navy Secretary Richard Spencer.
Her appointment follows a scandal involving the former president of the Naval War College.
Just days ago, top Navy officials removed the previous president, Rear Adm. Jeffrey Harley, in the wake of an investigation into complaints about Harley's behavior, including excessive spending and abusing his hiring authority. The Associated Press first reported on the probe into alleged inappropriate conduct, such as keeping a margarita machine in his office.
The official release about Chatfield made no mention of Harley's removal. Top Navy officials told the AP that though the investigation into Harley has not been completed, officials "had enough information" to justify Harley's departure this week.
Incoming president Chatfield, 53, is originally from Garden Grove, Calif., and she had been deployed to helicopter detachments in the Western Pacific and the Arabian Gulf before serving as a commander of a provincial reconstruction team Afghanistan in 2008, according to the Navy. Chatfield, who has a doctorate in education, has also taught political science as an assistant professor at the United States Air Force Academy.
Then a Lieutenant, Chatfield told The Los Angeles Times in 1993 when restrictions on women flying in combat missions were lifted: "The goal of every Navy pilot should be to command a squadron at sea."
More than two decades later, Chatfield will be at the helm of an institution with more than 50,000 graduates since its founding in 1884.
On her appointment, Spencer said: "She is the embodiment of the type of warrior-scholar we need now to lead this storied institution as it educates our next generation of leaders."
After the Civil War, the Indian Wars would last more than three decades, permanently altering the physical and political landscape of America. Peter Cozzens gives us both sides in comprehensive and singularly intimate detail.
He covers lots of ground, much of it bloody, thus he skips lightly over certain events, but in doing so he doesn’t gloss over anything. Even when he treads familiar ground - Red Cloud’s War, the Battle of the Little Bighorn, the Nez Perce flight and fight, the epic pursuit of Geronimo, Wounded Knee, and so forth - he relates all in surprisingly fresh and insightful fashion.
One of his major points is that Western Indians never united to oppose the white "invaders" but continued to make war on one another, as they had done for centuries. Indian tribes such as the Shoshones, Crows, and Pawnees - all of whom had been victimized by stronger tribes - cast their lot with the American soldiers, while Apaches scouted for the Army to catch other Apaches, and Lakotas often bickered with one another.
The author illuminates the intertribal strife over whether to fight or make peace; explores the dreary, squalid lives of frontier soldiers and the imperatives of the Indian warrior culture; and describes the ethical quandaries faced by generals who often sympathized with their native enemies.
In dramatically relating bloody and tragic events as varied as Wounded Knee, the Nez Perce War, the Sierra Madre campaign, and the Battle of the Little Bighorn, readers encounter a pageant of fascinating characters, including Custer, Sherman, Grant, and a host of officers, soldiers, and Indian agents, as well as great native leaders such as Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull, Geronimo, and Red Cloud and the warriors they led.
In his exceptional books, Cozzens in no way ignores injustices done to Indians, but he insists readers not ignore the white perspective, either. In short, the author achieves what he set out to do - bringing historical balance to the story of the Indian wars.
Reader Reviews
Having read countless books about the Plains Indian wars, having studied the Apache and Southwest Indian wars, and having written a novel "Warrior at Peace" about the death of Geronimo, I can say without qualification that "The Earth Is Weeping" is the best and most captivating account of the Indian wars I have read. It is a wonderful read that makes one feel he or she is living through the times. Cozzens presents a wonderful narrative from the perspective of both sides and leaves the reader in a position where he can make his own judgments about the events. Anyone who has an interest in this fascinating period of our history must read this book as it is truly an epic story.
~ Ronald L. Chiste
For a panoramic view of how the United States government achieved its "Manifest Destiny" to stretch from "sea to shining sea," this book is a necessity. Peter Cozzens does not allow this generation's morality to bias his historian's perspective and gives a detailed factual account of the myriad battles between the U.S. Army and Native American tribes which opened the country to European pioneers. In the span of three decades (1862-91) the nomadic, hunting based existence of Native Americans was finished and the endless buffalo herds had been eradicated from the plains. The government's policy of "concentrating" all Indian tribes into small areas of undesirable land had been successful thanks to the relentless duplicity involved in each of the treaties which were signed and broken when the self-interest of the government was involved. How this was justified by otherwise honorable men of good conscience lies at the center of the book.
~J.K. Campbell
Author Peter Cozzens has written the most comprehensive account of America's holocaust since Dee Brown's 1970 book entitled "Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee." The book contains 467 pages of text and covers the post-Civil War period in the American West. This is a book of intense pain and suffering in America's land grab of routing the Native Americans from their occupied land onto uninhabitable reservations. Winter was a time when fighting took time off, but America's ill-equipped and poorly paid army often struck in the winter burning tepees, killing individuals, and slaughtering their horses, and leaving the survivors to suffer and die in the cold.
The well-known engagements are all here such as The Little Big Horn Battle, the flight of the Nez Perce, the Sand Creek massacre in Colorado, the Washita massacre, and Wounded Knee in addition to lesser-known encounters such as Marais massacre involving the Piegan's in northern Montana and Dull Knife's Cheyennes.
~Bill Emblom
About the Author
Peter Cozzens is the author of sixteen critically acclaimed books on the American Civil War and the American West. He also is a recently retired Foreign Service Officer, U. S. Department of State and was honored by the American Foreign Service for exemplary moral courage, integrity, and creative dissent. He has also received an Alumni Achievement Award from his alma mater Knox College.
Prior to joining the Foreign Service, he served as a Captain in the U. S. Army.
He is a member of the Western Writers of America, the Authors Guild, and of the Literary Society of Washington DC. He also has served as a juror for the prestigious Lincoln Prize and is a member of the Advisory Board of the Buffalo Bill Center of the American West.
His newest book - The Earth is Weeping: The Epic Story of the Indian Wars for the American West - was released by Alfred A. Knopf in October 2016. Amazon selected it as a Best Book of November 2016. Smithsonian Magazine chose it as one of the ten best history books of 2016. It has won multiple awards, including the Gilder-Lehrman Prize for the finest book on military history published worldwide. A Pulitzer Prize-nominee, it also was a London Times book of the year and has been translated into several languages.
Cozzens, his wife Antonia Feldman, and their Labrador retriever Jake reside in Kensington, Maryland.
A list of his books can be found at https://www.thriftbooks.com/a/peter-cozzens/283965/