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Contact Info
Home Town Buffalo, New York
Last Address Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
Date of Passing Sep 02, 1978
Location of Interment Arlington National Cemetery (VLM) - Arlington, Virginia
Maureen O'Hara married General Charles Blair, the love of her life in 1968. Although he was tragically killed in a plane crash ten years later, he brought to Maureen the happiest years of her life. Following is a biography supplied by Maureen of her beloved Charles.
To Charles Blair flying was much more than a fast way to get from one place to another, much more than a way for a pilot to make a living. Flying was a way of life. "The sky is full of new frontiers," he once wrote and he never ceased believing that. Throughout his long and colorful career, the frontiers of the sky were a constant challenge.
A senior pilot for Pan American World Airways for 29 years including 10 years with American Overseas Airlines (which merged with Pan Am), and for another major US airline before that. Captain Blair was one of the most experienced airmen in commercial aviation. Yet through the years he found time to test dozens of new aircraft, survey new air routes to the far corners of the globe, and develop scores of new navigational and operational techniques; to serve as a respected advisor to aircraft manufacturers and the US military; to found and operate two successful airlines of his own; to write books and magazine articles about aviation; and to set an impressive series of flying records, some of which have never been equaled.
For his achievements, Captain Blair became one of the most honored flyers in history. With his untimely death in a crash of an Antilles Air Boats plane off St. Thomas in the U.S. Virgin Islands in 1978, aviation lost an outstanding leader.
The following pages present the highlights in the extraordinary life of this extraordinary man.
Charles F. Blair was born in Buffalo, New York on July 19, 1909. He learned to fly at the Ryan Flying School in San Diego, California, and he soloed there in 1928 at the age of 19.
In 1931, after receiving his Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Vermont, young Blair entered the Naval Flying School at Pensacola, Florida. He graduated the following year August 16, 1932 with Naval Aviator designation #4748 and the rank of Ensign in the United States Naval Reserve. Shortly afterward, he was assigned to Patrol Squadron VP-7F, Naval Air Station, North Island, San Diego, California.
After his release from active duty in 1933, he flew for seven years with United Airlines, pioneering mail routes in the rugged U.S. West. In 1940, he was named chief pilot of a newly formed overseas airline, American Export Airlines, later to be known as American Overseas Airlines. All of the airline's survey flights and first scheduled flights between the United States and the British Isles, Africa and South America were made under his command - as was the first nonstop commercial flight across the Atlantic, which he made in a Sikorsky VS-44 flying boat. He also employed and trained all of the airline's pilots.
During World War II, Captain Blair flew for both NATS (Naval Air Transport) and the Air Transport Command. He also flew as production test pilot for the Grumman Aircraft Company testing the F6F, F7F and the F8F Navy fighters, and he flew the original Martin Mars flying boat as consulting test pilot. In 1943, he proposed and flew the first North Atlantic winter airline operations flight nonstop between the United States and the British Isles, again in a VS-44. In 1944 he was pilot in command of the five fastest seaplane crossings of the Atlantic on five consecutive trips. His best time: 14 hours and 17 minutes.
After the war, Captain Blair commanded the early proving and the first scheduled flights of Lockheed Constellations and Boeing Stratocruisers on the transatlantic routes of American Overseas Airlines. In his spare time, he owned and operated Associated Air Transport, Inc., a small non-scheduled airline flying between New York and Europe, the Middle East and South America. Most of the flights were made in a single, personally owned "long-range" C-46. After 16 million uneventful" passenger miles, the company was sold.
Captain Blair became a Pan Am pilot when AOA merged with Pan American World Airways in 1950.
That same year, he purchased from Paul Mantz, a well-known Los Angeles flyer, a single-engine P-51 Mustang fighter in which Mantz had won the Bendix Trophy in 1946 and 1947. Although its technical characteristics remained essentially those of a standard P-51, Captain Blair made a number of modifications, including the installation of a more efficient Rolls-Royce 1650-HP Merlin engine, long-range fuel tanks and special navigation equipment.
(It was later revealed that he bought the plane only after the U.S. Air Force had refused to lend him one of theirs because they considered the missions he had in mind were "impossible").
On January 31, 1951, Captain Blair flew his Mustang - which he had named "Excalibur III' non-stop from "New York to London's Heathrow Airport. One objective of the flight was to test the effects of the then-relatively unknown high-altitude phenomenon called the "jet stream." Captain Blair encountered the high-velocity westerly winds at 37,000 feet precisely as he had planned, and the resulting tail wind, in his words, "blew me to London." He covered the 3,478 statute miles at an average speed of 446 miles an hour. His elapsed time of seven hours and 48 minutes set a record for a transatlantic crossing by a piston engine plane that still stands.
Four months later, on May 29, Captain Blair took off in this same Mustang from Bardutoss, Norway and headed for Fairbanks, Alaska. It was the first solo flight over the Arctic and the North Pole, and the first by a single-engine aircraft. On this 3,260 mile nonstop flight, which took ten hours and 27 minutes, he proved the accuracy and practicability of a system of navigation that he had developed for flying in polar regions. (He also took care of a personal errand. As he flew over the Pole, he dropped from the cockpit window a letter from his young son Chris, addressed to "Santa Claus.")
These achievements did not go unrecognized. At a White House ceremony the following year, Captain Blair received the coveted Harmon International Aviation Award as "the world's outstanding aviator" from President Harry S. Truman. He was also awarded the Gold Medal of the Norwegian Aero Club, only the 16th time in 43 years anyone had been so honored. "Excalibur III" the scarlet P-51 in which he had made his historic flights, is on permanent display at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.
Captain Blair resigned from the Naval Reserve in 1952 to seek an Air Force commission while he was working with a U.S. Strategic Air Force fighter wing. He was commissioned a Colonel in the Air Force Reserve in April 1953, and was promoted to Brigadier General in July 1959. Although these were Reserve ranks, he worked primarily with the Active Air Force.
Between 1953 and 1958, Captain Blair spent between 150 and 200 days a year in a combination of active Air Force duty status, reserve drills, and as a consultant to the Director of Operations, Headquarters, U.S. Air Force. During the 1950's and 60's, he flew most of the Air Force's first-line aircraft, making numerous supersonic and Mach 2 flights; was involved in various low altitude navigation and weapons delivery programs; and engaged in air-to-air gunnery exercises, including successful firings of the GAR-8 and GAR-10 missiles. In 1956, he commanded three F84F tactical fighters in "Operation Shark Bait," the first non-stop flight of jet fighters across the Atlantic, using the Great Circle Route.
From 1957 to 1960, Captain Blair worked with the office of the U.S. Assistant Secretary o f Defense for Research and Engineering on a new, light-weight, all-weather, low-cost navigation system for low-level NATO strike fighter operations. His proposed system was successfully tested. In June 1959, he received the Thurlow International Award of the Institute of Navigation for his "outstanding contribution to the science of navigation."
In August 1959, he commanded two F-100s in "Operation Julius Caesar," a nonstop flight from Weathershield RAF Station, England to Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska - the first jet fighter flight over the North Pole. The purpose of the flight was to test the feasibility of deployment routes between the Far East and Europe for jet fighter-bombers, and also to test automatic Doppler navigation system performance. The F-100s refueled in mid-air three times during the 9-hour flight, the final time directly over the Pole. For commanding this operation, Captain Blair was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross.
In 1962, Captain Blair added to his responsibilities by joining the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration as a consultant on operational and navigational problems related to proposed supersonic transport aircraft.
In the late 1960's he wrote a book, "Red Ball in the Sky," which was published by Random House. He had previously co-authored with A.J. Wallis a novel about flying, "Thunder Above," that was made into a British motion picture. His magazine articles appeared in the Saturday Evening Post, Readers Digest, True, Popular Science, Flying and many other publications.
Throughout this very active period of his career, Captain Blair continued to serve his regular tours of duty as a Pan Am senior pilot. One of the first airline pilots to fly the new jet transports, he commanded Pan Am's Boeing 707s on the airlines round-the-world schedule between New York and the Far East via Europe, and to Rio and Buenos Aires on its South American routes.
In 1969, at the age of 60, Captain Blair retired from Pan Am. His flying days were not over, however. In 1964, foreseeing the potential for passenger traffic in the Caribbean, he had invested in a Navy surplus Grumman "Goose" seaplane and founded Antilles Air Boats, Inc., based in St. Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands. When he retired from Pan Am, he decided to personally head his airline's operations, expand its fleet and services, and served as one of its pilots, as well as its president. Antilles Air Boats prospered and grew. By 1977, it had a fleet of 23 amphibious aircraft - 19 Grumman Gooses, two Grumman Mallards and two UK-built Sandringhams - and was offering 120 flights a day to destinations throughout the Caribbean and carrying more than 250,000 passengers a year. While it billed itself as "the world's largest seaplane airline," Antilles Air Boats was also known as "The Streetcar Line of the Virgin Islands." Captain Blair, in addition to running the company, was flying between 40 and 50 hours a month. By this time, Captain Blair could look back on 46 years as a military and commercial pilot, during which time he had logged more than 10 million miles and 45,000 hours at the controls of aircraft ranging from small single-engine propeller planes to giant globe-circling jets, and he had commanded 1,575 Atlantic crossings.
Then, on September 2, 1978, tragedy struck. Captain Blair was piloting a Grumman Goose from St. Croix to St.Thomas when his plane developed engine trouble and crashed. He was killed instantly.
Charles F. Blair, as a Brigadier General in the U.S. Air Force Reserve, was buried with full military honors on September 11 at Arlington National Cemetery outside of Washington, D.C. Survivors included his wife, Maureen O'Hara Blair, whom he married in 1968, and four children from two previous marriages: Suzanne, Christopher, Charles Lee and Stephen.
The most recent of many tributes to Captain Blair was the unveiling of a memorial in his honor at Heathrow Airport in London, terminus of his 1951 record-breaking transatlantic flight. Consisting of a large-scale replica of his famous Mustang, Excalibur III, the memorial was dedicated on January 30, 1981. Present at this ceremony were Captain Blair's widow, who performed the unveiling; representatives of Pan Am and other companies; aviation notables; the press; and many of Captain Blair's friends. Plaques located near the memorial give the highlights of Captain Blair's career and constitute a permanent record of his achievements. This memorial was made possible by contributions from Captain Blair's friends and fellow employees of Pan Am.
"The sky is full of new frontiers." The career of Charles F. Blair was a living expression of that philosophy and of his love of flying. His life will always be an inspiration to flyers everywhere.
World War II killed more people, involved more nations, and cost more money than any other war in history. Altogether, 70 million people served in the armed forces during the war, and 17 million combatants died. Civilian deaths were ever greater. At least 19 million Soviet civilians, 10 million Chinese, and 6 million European Jews lost their lives during the war.
World War II was truly a global war. Some 70 nations took part in the conflict, and fighting took place on the continents of Africa, Asia, and Europe, as well as on the high seas. Entire societies participated as soldiers or as war workers, while others were persecuted as victims of occupation and mass murder.
World War II cost the United States a million causalities and nearly 400,000 deaths. In both domestic and foreign affairs, its consequences were far-reaching. It ended the Depression, brought millions of married women into the workforce, initiated sweeping changes in the lives of the nation's minority groups, and dramatically expanded government's presence in American life.
The War at Home & Abroad
On September 1, 1939, World War II started when Germany invaded Poland. By November 1942, the Axis powers controlled territory from Norway to North Africa and from France to the Soviet Union. After defeating the Axis in North Africa in May 1941, the United States and its Allies invaded Sicily in July 1943 and forced Italy to surrender in September. On D-Day, June 6, 1944, the Allies landed in Northern France. In December, a German counteroffensive (the Battle of the Bulge) failed. Germany surrendered in May 1945.
The United States entered the war following a surprise attack by Japan on the U.S. Pacific fleet in Hawaii. The United States and its Allies halted Japanese expansion at the Battle of Midway in June 1942 and in other campaigns in the South Pacific. From 1943 to August 1945, the Allies hopped from island to island across the Central Pacific and also battled the Japanese in China, Burma, and India. Japan agreed to surrender on August 14, 1945 after the United States dropped the first atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Consequences:
1. The war ended Depression unemployment and dramatically expanded government's presence in American life. It led the federal government to create a War Production Board to oversee conversion to a wartime economy and the Office of Price Administration to set prices on many items and to supervise a rationing system.
2. During the war, African Americans, women, and Mexican Americans founded new opportunities in industry. But Japanese Americans living on the Pacific coast were relocated from their homes and placed in internment camps.
The Dawn of the Atomic Age
In 1939, Albert Einstein wrote a letter to President Roosevelt, warning him that the Nazis might be able to build an atomic bomb. On December 2, 1942, Enrico Fermi, an Italian refugee, produced the first self-sustained, controlled nuclear chain reaction in Chicago.
To ensure that the United States developed a bomb before Nazi Germany did, the federal government started the secret $2 billion Manhattan Project. On July 16, 1945, in the New Mexico desert near Alamogordo, the Manhattan Project's scientists exploded the first atomic bomb.
It was during the Potsdam negotiations that President Harry Truman learned that American scientists had tested the first atomic bomb. On August 6, 1945, the Enola Gay, a B-29 Superfortress, released an atomic bomb over Hiroshima, Japan. Between 80,000 and 140,000 people were killed or fatally wounded. Three days later, a second bomb fell on Nagasaki. About 35,000 people were killed. The following day Japan sued for peace.
President Truman's defenders argued that the bombs ended the war quickly, avoiding the necessity of a costly invasion and the probable loss of tens of thousands of American lives and hundreds of thousands of Japanese lives. His critics argued that the war might have ended even without the atomic bombings. They maintained that the Japanese economy would have been strangled by a continued naval blockade, and that Japan could have been forced to surrender by conventional firebombing or by a demonstration of the atomic bomb's power.
The unleashing of nuclear power during World War II generated hope of a cheap and abundant source of energy, but it also produced anxiety among large numbers of people in the United States and around the world.
